Cannabis

Cannabis is a psychoactive substance derived from the cannabis sativa or indica plants, containing more than 500 chemical compounds that can significantly affect brain function. The two main components are THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), the primary intoxicating ingredient, and CBD (cannabidiol), a non-intoxicating compound that may moderate some of THC’s effects. For individuals with bipolar disorder, cannabis use — especially high-THC products — is linked to serious risks, like triggering or worsening of manic symptoms, increased mood cycling, and a higher likelihood of developing psychotic disorders. Cannabis’ chemical composition has changed fundamentally over the last several decades due to selective breeding and advanced cultivation techniques.

In the 1970s, the average THC concentration in herbal cannabis was typically 1%–4 %. By 2022, this average had quadrupled, with 15%–30% THC. This surge is even more pronounced in modern concentrates — vapes, waxes, dabs —which can reach potencies of 90%–95% THC. In contrast, CBD concentrations has declined. Research shows the ratio of THC to CBD shifted from 14:1 in 1995 to 80:1 by 2014. This dramatic increase in potency means modern users may be exposed to doses up to 15 times higher than those in previous generations, significantly elevating the risk of adverse mental health outcomes like cannabis-induced mania or psychosis.