Bipolar Disorder (BD)

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Bipolar disorder (BD) is a serious, lifelong condition characterized by episodes of mood swings ranging from depressive lows to manic highs. The is most likely a combination of genetics, environment, and altered brain structure and chemistry. Alternating episodes of mania (periods of excessive activity, energy, and excitement) and depression last days to months at a time and may also be associated with suicidal thoughts/acts. Recommended treatment includes medications and psychotherapy, with newer therapies being effective for helping individuals lead a full life. There are three large categories of bipolar disorder or bipolar spectrum conditions, as follows:

• Core subtypes: Bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymia — these are diagnosable conditions according to modern clinical standards (DSM-5)

• Subthreshold/bipolar spectrum conditions: These are called other specified bipolar (including short-duration and insufficient symptoms).

• Course specifiers: Mixed features and rapid cycling describe the nature and timing of all subtypes. Specifiers are added to a primary diagnosis.