Neurotrophic Factors

Neurotrophic factors are proteins that support the growth, survival, and flexibility of neurons. One well-studied example is BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), which helps maintain healthy neural connections and adaptability. Stress and illness can disrupt these systems. In bipolar disorder, altered neurotrophic signaling has been linked to mood instability and may help explain why repeated episodes can leave lasting effects on brain function.