Narcissism Spectrum Scale (NSS):

Narcissism spectrum scale (NSS) assesses narcissism as a spectrum rather than a binary trait, ranging from severe pathology to healthy narcissism, up to echoism (extreme selflessness). Developed by psychotherapist/Harvard Medical School lecturer Craig Malkin, the scale captures common traits of exploitation, entitlement, and empathy impairment (Triple E) in unhealthy narcissists. It also identifies healthy narcissists who possess confidence and ambition without harming others. It was designed to help people understand their own position on the spectrum and differentiate between the different forms of narcissism, including less-known introverted and communal types.