Motivation Theories:

Motivation theories include biological, cognitive, and social-psychological perspectives, with studies into the intrinsic/extrinsic factors that energize, direct, and sustain goal-oriented behavior: 

• Intrinsic motivation stems from personal interest, enjoyment, or a sense of accomplishment. A student studies a subject because it’s fascinating, not to get a good grade. 
• Extrinsic motivation is driven by rewards/punishments or social pressure. We work hard to get a promotion or a raise or not to be called out for a misstep. 
• Hierarchy of needs theory, developed in 1943 by psychologist Abraham Maslow, states we’re motivated by five needs: physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization. He later added self-actualization.
• Human motivation theory states people have three motivators: needs for achievement, affiliation, and power. Characteristics differ depending on the dominant motivator.
• Equity theory states the degree to which people are fairly treated relative to others affects motivation. Students or employees compare their grades or rewards to those of their peers.