Mirroring:

Mirroring is a process of mimicking others — their body language, speech patterns, facial expressions — to build rapport. But the intentions can be at opposing ends of the “mirroring” spectrum, ranging from genuine ways of connecting to deceitful and manipulative ways of gaining control. Types of mirroring:

• Unconscious mirroring, also called chameleon effect, is a natural, automatic process to establish rapport, learn, empathize, and build strong connections (”social glue”) — like smiling when others smile. Studies found empathetic people have an especially high activation of their “mirroring system.” Neuroscientists found “mirror neurons,” which activate when someone sees another doing the same or a similar thing they just did.
• Intentional mirroring in therapy or professional settings: A therapist may intentionally reflect a patient’s words, actions, or emotions to create a sense of being heard and understood, helping to build a therapeutic relationship and facilitate self-discovery. In the workplace, people may intentionally mirror to build relationships and show full attention in a professional context.
• Narcissistic mirroring in toxic relationships refers to a narcissist’s defensive use of conscious, intentional mimicry to gather information, gain control, and manipulate others.
• Mirroring theories on ego development and healthy narcissism in early childhood: see Self-Psychology for Heinz Kohut’s theory on caregiver-child mirroring as essential to healthy, normal development; and Mirror Stage Theory for Jacques Lacan’s view of ego formation