Drive-Reduction Theory

Drive-reduction theory proposes we’re highly motivated to engage in behaviors that reduce internal tension, arising from unmet physiological or psychological needs — or drives — and restore balance. According to the theory, developed by behaviorist Clark Hull, our bodies are naturally geared to restore a state of equilibrium or homeostasis. When this equilibrium is disrupted (we’re hungry, thirsty, tired), drives (hunger, thirst, sleep) emerge, prompting behavior (we eat, rehydrate, go to sleep) to restore balance. Two categories of drives are: primary drives, which are innate and directly linked to basic survival needs (hunger, thirst, sleep); and secondary drives, which are learned through conditioning and experience (desire for money, social approval, or success). Criticisms of drive-reduction theory are:

• Oversimplification of motivation, as it doesn’t fully account for the complexity of our behavior, which is influenced by cognitive, social, and cultural factors. 
• Lack of explanation for non-drive-reducing behaviors, which don’t directly reduce tension or satisfy needs, such as thrill-seeking or engaging in activities for enjoyment rather than necessity.